Under,Optimum and Over Population

Optimum Population

Given the natural resources, stock of capital and the state of technical knowledge, there will be a definite size of population with the per capita income. The population which has the highest per capita income is known as optimum population.Standard of living is maximum

Under Population

If the actual population in a country is less than the optimum or ideal population, there will not be enough people to exploit all the resources of the country fully. Thus, the population and the per capita income will be lower. In other words, if the per capita income is low due to too few people, the population is then under population.Brazil and central asia is considered under-populated today based on present technology.

OverPopulation

If the actual population is above the level of optimum population, there will be too many people to work efficiently which results in diminishing returns.. As a result, the per capita income becomes lesser than before. This is the stage of overpopulation. In other words, if the per capita income is low due to too many people, the population under these circumstances would be over population.

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DAVIES,PENCK & KING

Geographical Cycle of Davies William Morris Davies was an american geographer who gave first general theory on landform development.. Davis' most influential scientific contribution was the "geographical cycle", which he defined in an article,’ The Rivers and Valleys of Pennsylvania ,’ published at the end of 19th century. According to him, uplifted landmass undergoes sequential development or erosion till base level in various stages.This sequential development referred as cycle of erosion. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES 1.Cyclic nature of landform evolution. 2 Uniformitarianism:The same physical processes and laws that operate today, operated throughout geologic time, although not necessarily always with the same intensity as now BASIC POSTULATES Upliftment takes place on featureless plain which he modified 10 yrs later to accept it can occur from geosyncline. Upliftment on geological timescale is sudden.In later works, he accepted it to be episodic. ...

Rimland Theory

It was given by John Spykman which was published posthumously. It was a reaction to Mackinder’s Heartland Theory.He also believed in historical struggle between land and sea powers.But, his view were similar to Alfred Mahan’s idea of supremacy of sea power. CRITICISM OF HEARTLAND 1.Climatic hazards and physiographic difficulties 2.Non-ecumen region devoid of most important human resource.Thus,Resources remain unutilized. 4.Accessible from west and south West and merely few hours distance from N America RIMLAND It was similar to Mackinder’s inner crescent which comprised 3 sections 1.European Coast 2.Arabian middle east desert land 3.Asiatic monsoon land ADVANTAGES OF RIMLAND 1.¾ th of population and most of world resources like coal,petroleum,iron ore,etc. 2.Largest agricultural tract. 3.Suitable climate. 4.Variety of human race. According to him,those who control rimland,rules eurasia.And who rules eurasia controls destinies of world. APP...

Heartland Theory

Concept was given by Mackinder in 1919 in his book ,”Democratic Ideals and reality”.It was modification of Pivot concept given by him in 1909 in his book,”Geographical pivot of history”.Concept of heartland was influenced by Bolshevik revolution and emergence of USSR as world power. According to him, geography is history and geography is cause.He tried to explain how geographical advantages results in geopolitical domination.His theory successfully explains emergence of USSR as great power which he thinks is result of geographical advantages. 3 TIER DIVISION OF WORLD 1. Pivot Area (Ural-arctic-siberian highland-central asian mountains; Rich natural resources;natural fortress;Symbolizes Land power) 2. Inner crescent (Europe except UK,West asia,South asia,East and Far east asia;Sea power;accessible and prone to invasion) 3. O...

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